The mustard gas experiments were conducted at a time when American intelligence showed that enemy gas attacks were imminent. Parker Waichman LLP is investigating secret medical experiments that were conducted on U.S. soldiers from 1955 to 1975 at the U.S. Armys Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. "If I were back in Congress, I'd be asking that question.". [17], The official position of the Department of Defense, based on the three-volume set of studies by the Institute of Medicine mentioned above, is that they "did not detect any significant long-term health effects on the Edgewood Arsenal volunteers". However, a good history and physical examination can provide valuable information and help determine a Veterans risk of developing health problems related to the exposure. The ruling came on a class-action lawsuit filed by Vietnam Veterans of America, Swords to Plowshares and individual veterans over medical care for troops who participated in research programs at. Nashville veteran discusses his experience at Edgewood Arsenal. "And these people should have long been appropriately provided for. Lieberman, while acknowledging that "most of the military data" on the research ongoing at the Army Chemical Center was "secret and unpublished", asserted that "There are moral imponderables, such as whether insanity, temporary or permanent, is a more 'humane' military threat than the usual afflictions of war. Medications cost $2,000 a month, which he was paying for out of pocket. The lawsuit quoted a 1954 report to President Dwight Eisenhower which urged him to approve the human testing program, "If the United states is to survive, long standing American concepts of fair play must be reconsidered.". Vol. NPR interviewed more than 40 living test subjects and family members, and they describe an unending cycle of appeals and denials as they struggled to get government benefits for mustard gas exposure. In some cases, soldiers involved in these experiments were exposed to multiple chemical and biological agents, including incapacitating drugs and toxic substances. It forced the Army to locate soldiers who were in the testing program and send them documentation detailing what happened to them. CampBell's Complaint says that after execution of the real estate contract between McGill and the Abrahams, "on October 27, 2020, Sherry Abraham, acting as an Edgewood Town Councilor, filed an Emergency Motion to Intervene in the McGill lawsuit (D-101-CV-2020-00328).". Nashville veteran Dennis Paul, 79, discussed his experience in the program with NewsChannel 5 Investigates, saying he it impacted him long after he left the Army. This kind of behavior toward our veterans would not be allowed to happen, Erspamer said. None of the requested materials were cleared for public release as of this writing (2016).[19]. Your effort and contribution in providing this feedback is much Overall, about 7,000 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the Department of Defense (DoD). Finally, the command and control problems which were apparent in the CIA's programs are paralleled by a lack of clear authorization and supervision in the Army's programs.(S. In September 1975, the Medical Research Volunteer Program was discontinued and all resident volunteers were removed from the Edgewood installation. Some of the volunteers exhibited symptoms at the time of exposure to these agents but long-term follow-up was not planned as part of the DoD studies. Documents reveal after getting BZ, Paul was put in temperatures of 105 degrees then 125 degrees for up to seven hours, to see if the drug impacted the way soldiers sweated. Some test subjects had only partial exposure, such as having the chemical agents applied directly onto their skin. Josephs had volunteered for a two-month assignment at Edgewood, in Maryland, lured by three-day weekends closer to home. The court resolved all of the remaining claims in the case and vacated trial. And this goes to the essence of 'Can you trust your government?' Office of Accountability & Whistleblower Protection, Training - Exposure - Experience (TEE) Tournament, Military Exposure Related Health Concerns, War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, Clinical Trainees (Academic Affiliations), Learn more from the Department of Defense, Review and Approach to Evaluating Long-term Health Effects in Army Test Subjects, Find out if you qualify for VA health care, Call TTY if you Oakland, CA: A Veterans disability class action lawsuit has been filed on behalf of several Veterans Affairs associations including Vietnam Veterans of America as well as individual Vietnam. "Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons", Vol. Instead, they sought only declaratory and injunctive relief and redress for what they claimed was several decades of neglect and the U.S. government's use of them as human guinea pigs in chemical and biological agent testing experiments. Please switch auto forms mode to off. In the suit, Vietnam Veterans of America, et al. I feel like in my heart there's a lot of guys out there that went through the same thing I did," Paul said. Your email will only be used if a response is needed. In 2015, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals said the Army, and not Veterans Affairs, should provide veterans with medical care related to the testing. [7][8][9] A concrete result of these experiments was that BZ was weaponized, although never deployed. And in 2010, the VA announced it would review 90,000 previously denied Agent Orange claims. Cavell and five others were told to stay put. "But not to get messed up," he continued. hide caption. 1, 24), stated: [In 1993 and 1994] we [] reported that the Army Chemical Corps conducted a classified medical research program for developing incapacitating agents. Ariel Zambelich/NPR Tim Josephs arrived at Edgewood Arsenal in 1968, he knew there was something different about the place. Fill out the form below to receive a free confidential consultation. Kristian Thacker for NPR "I've read several of the guys say they were never the same after BZ, and they are telling the truth," Paul said. Other agencies including the CIA and the Special Operations Division of the Department of the Army were also reportedly involved in these studies (NAS 1993). This top secret Cold War research program initially looked for ways to defend against a chemical or biological attack by the Soviet Union, thought to be far ahead of the United States in psycho-chemical warfare. The personal injury attorneys at Parker Waichman LLP offer free, no-obligation case evaluations. Others were locked in gas chambers, like Cavell. Goss was a Florida congressman when he was contacted by a group of constituents who were used as test subjects and spoke out on their behalf. The prior finding held that the Army has an ongoing duty to seek out and provide "notice" to former test participants of any new information that could potentially affect their health. Josephs says he now takes two dozen pills daily. Original photo: Courtesy of Charlie Cavell Even a book critical of the program, written by Lynn C. Klotz and Edward J. Sylvester, acknowledges that: Unlike the CIA program, research subjects [at Edgewood] all signed informed consent forms, both a general one and another related to any experiment they were to participate in. Other times, he experiences numbness in his joints or or tremors. (Right) The exterior of a Naval Research Laboratory gas chamber in Washington, D.C. Read the secret (now unclassified) Army document revealing BZ tests on soldiers (PDF). I was pregnant with my daughter while there, this was also when they were digging up old cluster bombs while excavating to build some new buildings, the same time the commander was indicted from the environmental agency, the same time they found out the water was not suitable for consumption. Cavell is currently being re-evaluated before the benefits can be disbursed. "We weren't told what it was," says Charlie Cavell, who was 19 when he volunteered for the program in exchange for two weeks' vacation. They. Naval Research Laboratory To apply, eligible veterans must have: . In 1988, Cavell requested copies of his records from the experiments he was in at the Naval Research Laboratory. He is one of 60,000 World War II veterans exposed to mustard gas as part of secret experiments by the U.S. military. The agents tested included chemical warfare agents and other related agents (inactive substances or placebos such as saline were used): There are no tests today that can confirm exposure to agents from decades ago. As a result of the testing, many of the veterans who served between two and four months at the Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland, suffer from chronic, debilitating illnesses. According to a recent report by CNN.com "From 1955 to 1975, military researchers at Edgewood were using not only animals but human subjects to test a witches' brew of drugs and chemicals. The 1945 Edgewood Arsenal explosion killed twelve munitions workers and injured more than fifty on May 25, 1945. The announcement applies to testing that took place from 1942 to 1975, officials said. The lawsuit's argument is in line with broader criticisms of Edgewood: that, whether out of military urgency or scientific dabbling, the Army recklessly endangered the lives of its soldiers . Tests began for Josephs almost as soon as he arrived at Edgewood for a two-month assignment on January 1, 1968. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) published a three-volume report on the Edgewood research in 19821985, Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents.[16]. CV-09-0037-CW, U.S.D.C. Elimination of the chemicals held here was put on an accelerated schedule after the September 11, 2001, attacks, and all chemical weapons were destroyed by February 2006. Brad Flohr, a VA senior adviser for benefits, says the agency couldn't find the rest, because military records of the experiments were incomplete. Attention A T users. But when he went to fill out paperwork the morning after his arrival, the base personnel were wearing white lab coats, and Josephs said he had second thoughts. After receiving the drug, soldiers were monitored to see if they could do basic tasks like run an obstacle course. But instead, the military deliberately exposed them to chemical and biological agents. Cavell and 11 other volunteers were locked inside a gas chamber with mustard gas piping inside. For example, certain types of 'psychochemicals' would make it possible to paralyze temporarily entire population centers without damage to homes and other structures. Statistically, at least one out of a thousand young soldiers chosen at random might be expected to expire during any one-year period. hide caption. According to the lawsuit, some of the volunteers were even implanted with electrical devices in an effort to control their behaviour. The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratorieswhich is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)at the Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Other exposures included tear gas, and hallucinogenics like LSD. According to at least one class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, other substances tested on soldiers there included mescaline, amphetamines, mustard gas, CS (riot control agent), a THC analog called red oil, anthrax, botulism, plague, tularemia, Q fever, and crop destruction agents such as dioxin, used in Agent Orange. Recent reports indicated that as many as 7,000 soldiers may have been subjected to these experiments in a top secret Cold War research program studying chemical and biological weapons. He was asked "Did you have pain every time you took a breath? "About 7,000 soldiers took part in the experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 chemicals," it stated. About 260 subjects were experimentally exposed to various psychochemicals including phencyclidine (PCP), and 10 related synthetic analogs of the active ingredient of cannabis (NRC 1984). A third type of test exposed troops to gas outdoors in simulated combat settings. The men were sworn to secrecy and told to never discuss Edgewood Arsenal or the experiments that went on there with anyone. Ariel Zambelich/NPR Over a period of 20 years, more than 7,000 volunteers spent an estimated total of 14,000 months at Edgewood Arsenal. "I don't think there's an explanation for why this program wasn't more successful," Goss says. If you or a loved one were exposed to dangerous drugs and toxins in the course of unethical medical experimentation conducted by the U.S. Army at Edgewood Arsenal, you may be entitled to compensation. In more than 20 years, the VA attempted to reach just 610 of the men, with a single letter sent in the mail. The chemical testing on soldiers stopped in 1975. 2004 GAO report Tim clearly had adverse health effects because they gave him such high doses that he ranged from overdose with one substance to the antidote, back and forth, and he actually had to get a very powerful antipsychotic drug because, in the vernacular, he flipped out.. Congressional hearings into these experiments in 1974 and 1975 resulted in disclosures, notification of subjects as to the nature of their chemical exposures, and ultimately to compensation for a few families of subjects who had died during the experiments (NAS 1993). Watching soldiers suffer through delirium and panic attacks while older survivors describe their experiences makes for powerful viewing. Tyler Perry wrote and will direct the story of an all-female, all-Black battalion that served in Europe. "Shortly after receiving the drug, he is grossly impaired," a narrator said as a soldier struggled through an obstacle course. These experiments with mustard gas were conducted by the Army and Navy at more than a dozen locations. He filed a federal lawsuit for compensation in 1979, but was unsuccessful because of a legal doctrine that protects the military from being sued for service-related injuries. At 79 years old, he actively harvests honey from his bee farm. Blisters that eventually increased to the size of half dollar coins started to grow in the same places. "Weekends off and relaxing that's why I took it," Paul remembered. Home U.S. Army Edgewood Arsenal Medical Experiments. He believes the testing hurt him emotionally and stole part of his life. Paul retired from the military and went on to raise a family in Nashville. 8:56 AM EST, Thu March 1, 2012. In 2009 a lawsuit was filed by veterans rights organizations Vietnam Veterans of America, and Swords to Plowshares, and eight Edgewood veterans or their families against CIA, the U.S. Army, and other agencies. 31 subjects experienced ocular exposure via direct CS application to their eyes. At the end of the second hour, the officer ordered Cavell back to his barracks and to continue wearing his gas-saturated uniform. With regard specifically to BZ and related compounds, the IOM study concluded that "available data suggest that long-term toxic effects and/or delayed sequellae are unlikely". Discovery Company. "[5] This was alarming enough to a Harvard psychiatrist, E. James Lieberman, that he published an article entitled "Psychochemicals as Weapons" in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in 1962. Erspamer said he sees a connection between Josephs Parkinsons disease and the drugs he received at Edgewood. If you are concerned about exposures during Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests, talk to your health care provider or local VA Environmental Health Coordinator. Several veterans claimed they were exposed to dangerous chemicals during government-sponsored Cold War experiments without their knowledge, and they filed suit in 2009 against the Army, Veterans Affairs, the CIA and the Department of Defense. Inside the chamber, Cavell's skin started to turn red and burn in the places where he sweat the most: between his legs, behind his neck and under his arms. The chemical caused a delirium that included hallucinations and an inability to carry out tasks. APG-EA continued to hurt soldiers ways after the human experiments and should be considered also. Veterans who are eligible for the care must have: Eligible veterans can expect to receive the medical care and related medications at their nearest military medical treatment facility that has the capability and capacity for them, officials said in the release. These men make a convincing case that they were not briefed about the risks involved in the program and did not understand the potential for the long-term effects they've endured. The VA has been accused of bias in these claims denials due to its self-interest in the issues. She has been an editor at Military Times for 20 years, covering issues that affect service members. Nine workers, of whom eight were African-American, were killed in the . However once the experiments were uncovered, the US Senate also concluded questionable legality of the experiments and strongly condemned them. A diagnosed medical condition they think is a direct result of taking part in an Army chem/bio substance testing program. The truth about the CIA is quite another story, one that should've been a huge news story a decade ago but gets fully recounted here for anyone who missed the truth the first time. Bollinger gave up appealing VA rejections in 1994, after four years of traveling back and forth 30 miles to a VA office office in Pittsburgh. What's the use?" And you just wouldnt think they would give you something that would harm you intentionally.. You couldn't get out," he says. About 500 World War II veterans die each day, according to data maintained by the VA. "I do think there is a little bit of that attitude of: 'This is today's problem, it will be gone by tomorrow,' " Goss says. Boxes of medical records his and those of other veterans fill the attic, along with handwritten notes and appeals to the VA. From Edgewood, Josephs said he went to an Army installation in Georgia, where he experienced tremors so severe, he had to be admitted to the base hospital and given muscle relaxers. These efforts are ongoing. "That's me" he said pointing to a younger version of himself. The lawsuit detailed how the military secretly tested drugs and chemicals on thousands of soldiers including dangerous nerve gases like Sarin and incapacitating agents like LSD and BZ, that Paul called Benzene. In the Army's tests, as with those of the CIA, individual rights were subordinated to national security considerations; informed consent and follow-up examinations of subjects were neglected in efforts to maintain the secrecy of the tests. He filed a federal lawsuit for compensation in 1979, but was unsuccessful because of a legal doctrine that protects the military from being sued for service-related injuries. CNN The moment 18-year-old Army Pvt. "This is not an easy, not a simple thing," Flohr says. Tim Josephs arrived at Edgewood Arsenal in 1968, he knew there was something different about the place. In his mid-50s, Josephs was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease, a progressive neurological condition that forced him to retire early. [22], Material Testing Program EA (Edgewood Arsenal) numbers. Left: U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Agency; Right: Naval Research Laboratory While the soldiers were given the option to decline the drug testing, there were innuendos of bad punishments if they did not participate, the former soldier said, according to CNN. For 20. [10], According to a DOD FAQ, the Edgewood Arsenal experiments involved the following "rough breakout of volunteer hours against various experimental categories":[11]. The idea was they would test new Army field jackets, clothing, weapons and things of that nature, but no mention of drugs or chemicals.. [] At Edgewood, even at the highest doses it often took an hour or more for incapacitating effects to show, and the end-effects usually did not include full incapacitation, let alone unconsciousness. Veterans who have a disease or injury they believe is related to the testing may seek treatment from the Army, according to the Armys Office of the Surgeon General. Theyre hoping we die off, so you apply [for benefits], you get turned down, Josephs said. "They didn't know they were signing up to get mystery chemicals injected into their bodies," Hancock said. In the mid-1970s, in the wake of many health claims made regarding exposure to the agents, the U.S. Congress began investigations of possible abuse in experiments and of inadequate informed consent given to the soldiers and civilians involved. The Edgewood Arsenal Rod and Gun Club was a club that included U.S. Army officers and Department of the Army civilian personnel stationed at the Arsenal as well as their families and guests. Further, GAO concluded that precise information on the scope and the magnitude of tests involving human subjects was not available, and the exact number of human subjects might never be known. [1] The experiments were abruptly terminated by the Army in late 1975 amidst an atmosphere of scandal and recrimination as lawmakers accused researchers of questionable ethics. 2. The release of the new document comes after a year in which the Navy saw several major clusters of suicides. The committee's understanding is that additional, and potentially relevant, material on SHAD tests exists and remains classified. NPR Investigations Research Librarian Barbara Van Woerkom contributed reporting and research to this investigation. On July 24, 2013, United States District Court Judge Claudia Wilken issued an order granting in part and denying in part plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and granting in part and denying in part defendants' motion for summary judgment. soldiers at the Edgewood Arsenal, or to other "volunteers" under contract to the Edgewood Arsenal, were not disclosed. Yet in just two months, an NPR research librarian located more than 1,200 of them, using the VA's own list of test subjects and public records. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose chemical warfare agents on military personnel and to test protective clothing and pharmaceuticals. II. Officials say they can't explain why the benefits weren't granted sooner. Those regulations have kept veterans like Harry Bollinger, 88, from receiving benefits. According to the class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), despite having actively participated in the experiments, has denied between 97% and 99% of all disability or death claims arising out of the exposures. Building 509 at Edgewood Arsenal in Harford County, Maryland was a production facility for the assembly of phosphorus igniter assemblies for incendiary bombs, employing a female staff of about 135 assemblers. The moment 18-year-old Army Pvt. (Left) The inside of a gas chamber used for tests on American troops during World War II at the Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. He said, You volunteered for this. They deserve that respect and the audience this documentary can bring. Original photo: Courtesy of Charlie Cavell, Left: U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Agency; Right: Naval Research Laboratory. From 1955 to 1975, the Army conducted chemical weapons testing on volunteer soldiers at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland in pursuit of an agent that could disable enemy troops on the field of battle without killing them. The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratories which is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD) at the Edgewood Area . "I remember him laying up in the bedroom up there," she says. My question to you is my son suffers from a rare form of eczema and severe asthma. Eight individual isomers numbered EA-2233-1 through EA-2233-8. While I understand the premise of the lawsuit as stated, I have a question, I and my parents moved to Jolla in 1964. 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