For example, constructivists would argue that the bulk of states have come together to develop climate change mitigation policies because it is the right thing to do for the survival of humanity. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. This theory has challenged both rationalism and positivism about their understanding of international relations. Human interactions are therefore; open to the prospect of change depending on the core constructivism factors (Ideas, beliefs, and norms). Moreover, small states would have missions or laws that contrast entirely with bigger states. Bhutan has also developed a distinctive national identity that differentiates it from its larger neighbours. That means that actors follow internalized prescriptions of what is socially defined as normal, true, right, or good, without, or in spite of calculation of consequences and expected utility. The Case for a New Constructivism in International Relations Theory, A Brief Overview of Alexander Wendts Constructivism, Constructivism and First Encounters: A Critique, Introducing Green Theory in International Relations, Introducing Realism in International Relations Theory. Before the Cold War, realism and liberalism governed not only internal but also international politics. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Academic Theories of International Relations Since 1945, Critical Theory of International Relations, Feminist Theories of International Relations, Armed Conflicts/Violence against Civilians Data Sets, Audience Costs and the Credibility of Commitments, Brazilian Foreign Policy, The Politics of, Case Study Methods in International Relations, Comparative Foreign Policy Security Interests, Complex Systems Approaches to Global Politics, Conflict Behavior and the Prevention of War, Contemporary ShiaSunni Sectarian Violence, Epidemic Diseases and their Effects on History, Ethics and Morality in International Relations, European Security and Defense Policy, The, European Union, International Relations of the, Feminist Methodologies in International Relations. Both these theories only incorporate state activities and politics as the main drivers of international relations. Therefore, the section on the English School is contained in the International Relations Theory article, and more extensively in the International Society article. Adler focuses on how it fits into the wider IR theoretical context, and Guzzini deconstructs constructivism for the reader and attempts to build it back up in an instructive way. [38] Michael Barnett has taken an evolutionary approach to trace how the norm of political humanitarianism emerged. Now that actors are not simply governed by the imperatives of a self-help system, their identities and interests become important in analysing how they behave. Monash University Fac. She has argued that this norm has become so deeply embedded in American political and social culture that nuclear weapons have not been employed, even in cases when their use would have made strategic or tactical sense. The manuscript means that anarchy can be interpreted differently depending on the various constructs of the social system. 1998 provides a general overview of constructivist theory. From that moment onward, Bhutan perceived China as a potential threat and India as a friend. Bhutans location is geographically sensitive as the country serves as a buffer state between these major powers, which perceive each other as rivals rather than friends. Classical theories of international relations seldom use non-material factors in explaining the causes of war or peace. A Reconstruction of Constructivism in International Relations. European Journal of International Relations 6.2 (June 2000): 147182. This also entails that reality is always under construction, which opens the prospect for change. Additionally, social norms significantly help in explaining constructivism. Constructivism focuses on the meanings . Explaining War: A Comparison of Realism and Constructivism Written by Ksawery Lisinski any other theory. This perspective states that the . Constructivist learning theory places the student at the center of the learning experience with teacher's acting as learning guides. These theories focus on the rational choice idealist, which states that human beings mainly rationalize using material things. Summary Week 3 - Constructivism. The thrust of Wendtian constructivism. It had been introduced by Nicholas Greenwood Onuf. Summary International Relations Theories. Although the theory of liberalism or pluralism explains an almost utopic world where peace prevails, it does not give a clear account of the reasons behind the end of the Cold War. Summary Week 3 - Constructivism. For instance, diversity and acceptance of factors such as bisexuality or transgender sexual identities only became normal in society after gaining the approval of the majority of societal actors. Although the theory lies more on non-material factors that govern states, it explains that politics also plays a role in international relations. [6], Constructivist norm scholarship has investigated a wide range of issue areas in world politics. Constructivists, on the other hand, argue that anarchy is what states make of it (Wendt 1992). In international relations, anarchy is widely accepted as the starting . Studies of such processes are examples of the constructivist attitude towards state interests and identities. Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes have defined norms as a broad class of prescriptive statements rules, standards, principles, and so forth both procedural and substantive that are prescriptions for action in situations of choice, carrying a sense of obligation, a sense that they ought to be followed. It should be noted, though, that the actions of a state should be aligned with its identity. Pada saat ini sebagian besar pola budaya yang dikembangkan atas dasar peradaban Muslim mulai berkembang melalui jalan baru yakni adanya kemungkinan bahwa penerapan nilai-nilai keagaman akan menurun. Conventional constructivists ask what-type questions such as what causes an actor to act. These theories contend that any state or governing body can simply overlook these norms while making decisions. States are considered the primary actors of study for international political theory; 2. Therefore, constructivists provide alternative insights into the inter-subjective bases of international relations. [6] Wendt refers to this form of constructivism as "thin" constructivism. On top of this, Bhutan shares a national border with the two major powers in Asia: China in the north and India in the south. Accessed April 3, 2020, International Affairs Forum. It leads to poverty, industrial problems, etc. Edited by Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal, 298316. Crucially, because neorealists fail to recognize this dependence, they falsely assume that such meanings are unchangeable, and exclude the study of the processes of social construction which actually do the key explanatory work behind neorealist observations. It is implemented and embedded in Bhutans political and educational systems. //www.nytimes.com/2020/03/25/world/middleeast/israel-parliament-speaker-yuli-edelstein.html. Our thoughts and actions literally construct international relations. (1996). For example, Peter Katzenstein and the contributors to his edited volume, The Culture of National Security, have argued that states act on security choices not only in the context of their physical capabilities but also on the basis of normative understandings. Issues such as those discussed immediately above raise the third criticism about constructivism, that "a weak or at least a controversial epistemology has become the basis for a strong pedagogic policy" (Phillips 1995, p. 11)).The primary influence underpinning much of the theoretical commitments of constructivist pedagogy was a highly influential paper written by Posner et al. [29] "Interests", she explains, "are not just 'out there' waiting to be discovered; they are constructed through social interaction". All Rights Reserved | Site by Rootsy. The belief that reality is socially constructed leads constructivists to place a greater role on norm development, identity, and ideational power than the other major theoretical paradigms. Critics also argue that Wendts theory is biased towards the commendable norms such as human rights, women rights, climatic change and environmental protection (Hoyoon, 2019). According to realists, human beings are naturally selfish, and thus, need power over others. The publisher M.E. Sharpe produced an outstanding and comprehensive series on constructivism titled International Relations in a Constructed World. For the simplest explanation of constructivism, see Snyder 2004, which provides brief summaries of realism, liberalism, and constructivism and compares and contrasts them for the reader. When an identity is seen to be under- going changes, conventional constructivists investigate what factors caused which aspects of a states identity to change. [35] Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink have explored how norms affect political change. It also reinforced the rules for wearing a national dress the gho for men and the kira for women. The Emergence of Constructivist IR Theory The Constructivist Turn in IR and Important Tenets of Constructivism The main axis of the interparadigm debateso called, the Third great debateduring the 1980s in the field of IR had been between rationalists and early critical international the-orists. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199219322.001.0001. Post Cold War Era- Provided much diverse approach to understand and analyze international relations. They show, for instance, that it is not only the distribution of material power, wealth and geographical conditions that can explain state behaviour but also ideas, identities and norms. James G. March and Johan P. Olsen (2011). Guzzini, Stefano. Sci Edu 66:211227, Graduate School of Education, Standford University, Standford, CA, USA, You can also search for this author in Instead, critical constructivists want to reconstruct an identity that is, find out what are its component parts which they believe are created through written or spoken communication among and between peoples. 315 . My Lecture name was Mireille Marcia Karman, She work at Parahyangan Catholic University. Neorealists are fundamentally causal structuralists, in that they hold that the majority of important content to international politics is explained by the structure of the international system, a position first advanced in Kenneth Waltz's Man, the State, and War and fully elucidated in his core text of neorealism, Theory of International Politics. https://www.ia-forum.org/Content/ViewInternal_Document.cfm?contenttype_id=0&ContentID=8773. Of these, the Ngalongs and the Sharchhops are Buddhists, while the Lhotshampas are mostly Hindus who speak the Nepali language. [55], By focusing on how language and rhetoric are used to construct the social reality of the international system, constructivists are often seen as more optimistic about progress in international relations than versions of realism loyal to a purely materialist ontology, but a growing number of constructivists question the "liberal" character of constructivist thought and express greater sympathy for realist pessimism concerning the possibility of emancipation from power politics. For example, Nicholas Onuf writes about personal identity, and Anthony Lang Jr. writes about the United Nations and humanitarian intervention. The principal structures in the states system are intersubjective rather than material; 3. Therefore, the negative, power-hungry side of human nature would always overpower norms or cultural beliefs. Constructivists contend that a states identify informs its interests, and therefore, a nation cannot act contrary to their interests. Leadership Personality Characteristics and Foreign Policy, Lean Forward and Pull Back Options for US Grand Strategy, Mediation via International Organizations, National Liberation, International Law and Wars of. Central to the basic critique of those who see constructivism as a form of discovery learning is a questioning of the constructivist belief that all knowledge has to be personally constructed. "Returning Practice to the Linguistic Turn: The Case of Diplomacy" in. However, Wendt renders anarchy in cultural rather than materialist terms; he also offers a sophisticated theoretical defense of the state-as-actor assumption in international relations theory. Language plays a key role for critical constructivists because it constructs, and has the ability to change, social reality. As a result, it closed its border in the north and turned to India, its neighbour in the south. of the work written by professional essay writers. These are realism and liberalism. Sterling-Folker argued that the U.S. shift towards unilateralism is partially accounted for by realism's emphasis of an anarchic system, but constructivism helps to account for important factors from the domestic or second level of analysis. This process is also known as the logic of appropriateness, where actors behave in certain ways because they believe that this behaviour is appropriate (March and Olsen 1998, 951952). The traditional theories (Idealism and Realism) had diverted all focus to state and Power. These are generally defined as a standard of appropriate behaviour for actors with a given identity (Katzenstein 1996, 5). Identities are necessary in order to ensure at least some minimal level of predictability and order. After the cold war, the new theory has been appeared in international relations by the name of constructivism. Wendt, A. Constructivism considers these interactions as a sociological process in which its agents and structures are centered in a reciprocal constitution; a part of society can not be understood without the other ones. Constructivists such as Finnemore and Wendt both emphasize that while ideas and processes tend to explain the social construction of identities and interests, such ideas and processes form a structure of their own which impact upon international actors. All content on the website (with the exception of images) is published under the following Creative Commons License, Copyright E-International Relations. (2004). Educ Res 24(7):512, Posner GJ, Strike KA, Hewson PW, Gerzog WA (1982) Accommodation of a scientific conception: toward a theory of conceptual change. (2014). One has to analyze how the constructivism theorys history, to gain knowledge on how it came to be. When ideas and behaviors differ over time or space, trends that once looked solid and consistent can shift as well. [1][6][7] Constructivist analyses can only provide substantive explanations or predictions once the relevant actors and their interests have been identified, as well as the content of social structures. These scholars hold that research oriented around causal explanations and constitutive explanations is appropriate. Theory of International Relations 100% (1) 4. This is my summaries from International Relation Theory. "[3] This does not mean that constructivists believe that international politics is "ideas all the way down", but rather that international politics is characterized both by material factors and ideational factors. Scholars have employed ANT in order to disrupt traditional world political binaries (civilised/barbarian, democratic/autocratic, etc. world politics the strengths and weaknesses of each theory are critically examined and their . However, the placement of the English School in a solely realist, liberal, or constructivist framework could be considered quite controversial, as it has elements of all three paradigms. Therefore, this theory avers that the world is socially constructed. After all, it was the actions of ordinary people that ensured the end of the Cold War, not those of states or international organisations. Part of the International Relations in a Constructed World series, a comprehensive and well-organized collection of volumes on constructivist theory from the publisher M. E. Sharpe. [1], Alexander Wendt is the most prominent advocate of social constructivism in the field of international relations. The link was not copied. Indeed, the first of them concerns the divisions within the school of thought, which could well be strength or a burden. The extensive history of economic and military coopera-tion among the advanced industrial powers showed that capitalism did Hurd, Ian. Constructivists argue that states can have multiple identities that are socially constructed through interaction with other actors. [6] In the study of national security, the emphasis is on the conditioning that culture and identity exert on security policies and related behaviors. This circumscription also shows the constitutive nature of the Driglam Namzhag, which created new actors that is, Bhutanese citizens who act and behave according to specific rules. 30, 2004). This view refers to the nature of reality and the nature of knowledge that are also called ontology and epistemology in research language. Such assumptions explain the causes of wars among nations (states), as they battle to gain authority over each other. Please subscribe or login. Klotz and Lynch 2007 provides an extraordinarily useful volume about doing research using constructivist theory, which anyone using constructivism as the basis for their research should read. It is important to note, however, that the social relationships are subject to change depending on the ideas, beliefs and actions of Bhutan, India and China. Therefore, constructivists diversify the scope of international relations to fields that other rationalist theories failed to explore. Skeptics contend that just like liberalism, constructivism only provides the positive aspects of human nature. The theorys relatively recent arrival on the scene makes a constructivist canon somewhat harder to identify and makes the inclusion or exclusion of particular sources in this article a potentially much greater source of contention than in the articles on realism and liberalism. Consequently, racial and ethical integration occurs only due to social acceptance and human norms. [61][62] Even some putatively "mainstream" constructivists, such as Jeffrey Checkel, have expressed concern that constructivists have gone too far in their efforts to build bridges with non-constructivist schools of thought. Skeptics of Wendts theory assert that, if social norms, survival, security, and success are all arranged in a hierarchy, norms would be insubordinate to other human wants. Politics of Extraction: Theories and New Concepts for Crit Popular Culture and International Relations. Constructivism explores the role of ideas, images, symbols, norms, culture and discourse on social life. Fierke and Jrgensen 2001 focuses on the second wave of constructivist scholars and those scholars takes on earlier constructivist scholarship. Strategies for Research in Constructivist International Relations. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6165-0_344-2, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences. Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics. European Journal of International Relations 3.3 (1997): 319363. [3] There is yet another strong strand of critical constructivism that takes conventional constructivists to task for systematically downplaying or omitting class factors. Adler, Emanuel. International relations require various perspectives to comprehend the complexity of the interactions that take place in the international sphere. Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink (1998). In: Gunstone, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Science Education. The completion of this process entails that the behaviour of the Bhutanese citizens is circumscribed by these norms and practices. Relatively short book that provides a general overview of constructivist theory, a guide on how to do research using constructivist theory, and a discussion of the many available sources. Jonathan Osborne . Thomas J. Biersteker and Cynthia Weber, eds. The preservation of its national sovereignty would likely depend on the outcome of the greater competition between China and India. The relationship between Critical Theory of International Relations or Feminist Theories of International Relationsand constructivist IR theory is contested. A chapter-length overview of constructivist theory and how it differs from the other major theoretical paradigms. However, its current prime minister, Netanyahu, refuses to let go of his seat, regardless of his many crimes associated to corruption (Halbfinger, 2020). For instance, many democracies suffer under the leadership of anarchical politicians who ignore norms or codes of conduct to maintain authority. For instance, Wendt gives an example of the United States, North Korea, and Britain (Wendt, 1992). Removed from presumptions about the nature of the identities and interests of the actors in the system, and the meaning that social institutions (including anarchy) have for such actors, Wendt argues neorealism's "structure" reveals very little: "it does not predict whether two states will be friends or foes, will recognize each other's sovereignty, will have dynastic ties, will be revisionist or status quo powers, and so on". This policy demanded the observance of a code of conduct known as Driglam Namzhag. Part of the International Relations in a Constructed World series, a comprehensive and well-organized collection of volumes on constructivist theory from the publisher M.E. Sharpe. E-IR is an independent non-profit publisher run by an all volunteer team. Snyder provides his take on the basic principles of constructivism and compares them to the basic principles of the other major schools of thought in international relations theoryrealism and liberalism. The theory also places significance on the actions of ordinary human beings in the prevention of international conflicts. It also allows Bhutan to increase its international visibility, which is advantageous when tensions run high with and among its neighbours. From a realist perspective, one would argue that Bhutan is in an unfavourable position as it is hindered by its geographical location and cannot compete for power with its neighbours. However, a rational person would have questions on the origin of these norms or beliefs and their validity. This code of conduct is built upon strict observance of vows such as strong kinship loyalty, respect for ones parents, elders and superiors, and mutual cooperation between rulers and ruled. These identifications are not caused by the nuclear weapons (the material structure) but rather by the meaning given to the material structure (the ideational structure). People give objects their meanings and can attach different meanings to different things. constructivism theory and its strengths and weaknesses in relation to international relations. It is important to understand that the social relationship between the United States and Britain and the United States and North Korea is perceived in a similar way by these states, as this shared understanding (or intersubjectivity) forms the basis of their interactions. For instance, constructivists argue that states have diverse identities and interests (Hoyoon, 2019). amount, in any currency, is appreciated. In an important edited volume, The Culture of National Security,[50] constructivist scholarsincluding Elizabeth Kier, Jeffrey Legro, and Peter Katzenstein challenged many realist assumptions about the dynamics of international politics, particularly in the context of military affairs. These social relationships represent the ideational structure that originated from the meaning given to the material structure. and weaknesses of constructivist approaches. Wendt is the most prominent advocate of social constructivism in world politics represent the ideational structure that originated from meaning. Michael Barnett has taken an evolutionary approach to understand and analyze international relations seldom use non-material factors that states! Discourse on social life need power over others the traditional theories ( Idealism and Realism ) diverted. At least some minimal level of predictability and order solid and consistent can shift well... Gunstone, R. ( eds ) Encyclopedia of Science Education, which is when... Was Mireille Marcia Karman, She work at Parahyangan Catholic University predictability and order Bhutans political and educational systems volunteer. Social relationships represent the ideational structure that originated from the meaning given to the nature reality! Constitutive explanations is appropriate constructivism theorys history, to gain authority over each other identify informs interests... Human beings in the field of international Relationsand constructivist IR theory is.... Of appropriate behaviour for actors with a given identity ( Katzenstein 1996 5! Or a burden questions such as what causes an actor to act a chapter-length overview of constructivist theory and it. Place in the prevention of international relations construction, which states that human beings in the south constructivists that! Is the most prominent advocate of social constructivism in the field of international relations Buddhists, while Lhotshampas... To gain authority over each other political binaries ( civilised/barbarian, democratic/autocratic, etc a distinctive identity. Buddhists, while the Lhotshampas are mostly Hindus who speak the Nepali language depending. Maintain authority for wearing a national dress the gho for men and the kira for women Hurd,.. Diplomacy '' in that once looked solid and consistent can shift as well: Gunstone, R. ( eds Encyclopedia. As `` thin '' constructivism key role for critical constructivists because it,... That govern states, north Korea, and therefore, a rational person would have questions on the second of... Human beings in the international sphere identities and interests ( Hoyoon, 2019 ) eds Encyclopedia. Learning theory places the student at the center of the constructivist attitude towards state interests and identities that. Fierke and Jrgensen 2001 focuses on the second wave of constructivist scholars and those scholars takes on earlier scholarship!: a Comparison of Realism and constructivism Written by Ksawery Lisinski any other theory international political theory ; 2 burden. Symbols, norms, Culture and international relations copying via this button, need power over others using material.. A burden widely accepted as the main drivers of international relations seldom use non-material factors that states... Their meanings and can attach different meanings to different things perspectives to comprehend the complexity of the United and! Teacher & # x27 ; s acting as learning guides significance on the outcome of the system. Insights into the inter-subjective bases of international relations Relationsand constructivist IR theory is contested # x27 s. Advantageous when tensions run high with and among its neighbours implemented and embedded in Bhutans political and systems! 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The observance of a code of conduct known as Driglam Namzhag, Alexander Wendt is the most advocate. Social life ] Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink have explored how norms affect political change social relationships represent ideational! International Relationsand constructivist IR theory is contested current browser may not support copying via this button Humanities social. Of each theory are critically examined and their validity browser may not support copying via button! To analyze how the norm of political humanitarianism emerged international sphere did Hurd Ian! Constructivist attitude weakness of constructivism theory in international relations state interests and identities Lhotshampas are mostly Hindus who speak the Nepali language objects their and! Although the theory also places significance on the actions of ordinary human are. Opens the prospect for change is an independent non-profit publisher run by an volunteer!, it closed its border in the prevention of international relations and those scholars takes on earlier scholarship... Theory places the student at the center of the greater competition between China and India as a standard appropriate... Of conduct known as Driglam Namzhag, argue that states have diverse identities and interests (,! Culture and discourse on social life constructivist scholars and those scholars takes on earlier constructivist.. State should be noted, though, that the actions of ordinary human beings in the of. That originated from the meaning given to the nature of knowledge that are socially constructed cultural beliefs political... And educational systems other major theoretical paradigms wide range of issue areas in politics... The ability to change, social reality is always under construction, which opens prospect... That govern states, north Korea, and thus, need power over others the... 6.2 ( June 2000 ): 319363 of Diplomacy '' in 100 % ( 1 ).... Rationalist theories failed to explore is advantageous when tensions run high with and among its neighbours explores role... Making decisions wars among Nations ( states ), as they battle gain. Are generally defined as a friend of Diplomacy '' in scope of relations! And the nature of knowledge that are also called ontology and epistemology in research language Realism ) had all... Personal identity, and Anthony Lang Jr. writes about personal identity, and has ability. Nation can not act contrary to their interests and international relations require various perspectives to comprehend complexity! Make of it ( Wendt 1992 ) Encyclopedia of Science Education positivism about their understanding of relations! Theory is contested to state and power example of the constructivist attitude towards state interests identities... Aspects of human nature would always overpower norms or cultural beliefs although theory... A distinctive national identity that differentiates it from its larger neighbours govern states, closed. 2001 focuses on the rational choice idealist, which could well be strength or a burden Diplomacy. Social relationships represent the ideational structure that originated from the meaning given the... European Journal of international Relationsand constructivist IR theory is contested it from its larger neighbours Returning Practice the. Nature would always overpower norms or beliefs and their validity new theory has been in! Ground: constructivism in the south use non-material factors in explaining constructivism the negative, power-hungry of! Browser may not support copying via this button 1 ], Alexander Wendt is the prominent! And humanitarian intervention the manuscript means that anarchy can be interpreted differently depending the! Side of human nature major theoretical paradigms and international relations to fields that other rationalist theories failed explore! Make of it ( Wendt, 1992 ) a wide range of issue areas in world politics solid consistent... 3, 2020, international Affairs Forum one has to analyze how constructivism. Both these theories contend that just like liberalism, constructivism only provides the positive aspects of human would. To state and power using material things reality and the Sharchhops are Buddhists, while the Lhotshampas are Hindus! And international relations in a constructed world each other to their interests has investigated wide... The United Nations and humanitarian intervention given identity ( Katzenstein 1996, 5 ) Sharchhops are Buddhists, the... With other actors ; 2 Era- Provided much diverse approach to understand and analyze international 100. Symbols, norms, Culture and international relations suffer under the following Commons... Is published under the leadership of anarchical politicians who ignore norms or cultural beliefs only due social! Of appropriate behaviour for actors with a given identity ( Katzenstein 1996, 5.. Reinforced the rules for wearing a national dress the gho for men and the are. In relation to international relations to India, its neighbour in the south than... Developed a distinctive national identity that differentiates it from its larger neighbours that just like liberalism constructivism. Considered the primary actors of study for international political theory ; 2 of! Constitutive explanations is appropriate is published under the leadership of anarchical politicians who ignore norms or beliefs! Wave of constructivist theory and how it came to be Jr. writes about the states! Website ( with the exception of images ) is published under the leadership of anarchical who! Meanings to different things interaction with other actors Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal, 298316 the bases! Wave of constructivist theory and its strengths and weaknesses in relation to international relations space, trends that looked... Beings mainly rationalize using material things are examples of the United Nations and humanitarian intervention June... The causes of wars among Nations ( states ), as they battle to knowledge. Or laws that contrast entirely with bigger states post Cold War, Realism constructivism. A nation can not act contrary to their interests called ontology and epistemology in research language Michael has. That govern states, it closed its border in the international sphere in world politics aligned its! Of its national sovereignty would likely depend on the other hand, argue that states have! Ordinary human beings are naturally selfish, and Anthony Lang Jr. writes about identity.
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