Aluminum | Al | CID 5359268 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. (a) The structure of ScB12 consists of B12 clusters and Sc atoms arranged in a faced-centered cubic lattice similar to that of NaCl, with B12units occupying the anion positions and scandium atoms the cation positions. They catch fire spontaneously in air and react with water, thus necessitating precautions when handling them. After about half of aluminium has precipitated, the mixture is sent to classifiers. [128] In 1993, they recognized aluminum as an acceptable variant;[128] the most recent 2005 edition of the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry also acknowledges this spelling. It also serves as the raw material for a broad range of advanced ceramic products and as an active agent in chemical processing. Aluminium trichloride has major industrial uses involving this reaction, such as in the manufacture of anthraquinones and styrene; it is also often used as the precursor for many other aluminium compounds and as a reagent for converting nonmetal fluorides into the corresponding chlorides (a transhalogenation reaction). [27], Because of its strong affinity for oxygen, aluminium is almost never found in the elemental state; instead it is found in oxides or silicates. [89] The aluminium can was invented in 1956 and employed as a storage for drinks in 1958. The French chemists have given a new name to this pure earth; alumine in French, and alumina in Latin. Cooking in aluminium pans does not greatly increase the amount in our diet, except when cooking acidic foods such as rhubarb. Half of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. Period [171] Higher exposure levels of aluminium are mostly limited to miners, aluminium production workers, and dialysis patients. Political stability of top reserve holder. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. [193] Consumption of acidic foods or liquids with aluminium enhances aluminium absorption,[194] and maltol has been shown to increase the accumulation of aluminium in nerve and bone tissues. People with kidney insufficiency are especially at a risk. However, alloying it with elements such as such as copper, magnesium, and zinc, dramatically boosts its strength while leaving it lightweight, obviously an asset when fighting against gravity. [55] The simplest hydride, aluminium hydride or alane, is not as important. [108] In the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, most aluminium was consumed in transportation, engineering, construction, and packaging. The bauxite residue is separated from the solution and discarded. It exceeded that of any other metal except iron (1,231million metric tons).[141][142]. There are three main trihydroxides: bayerite, gibbsite, and nordstrandite, which differ in their crystalline structure (polymorphs). Question 3 Of the three types of elementary particles" constituting atoms, determine which type(s) influence the following properties of an element: The chemical identity of the atoms (whether it is an atom of nitrogen, iron, silver, or some other element). Iron containing alloys require annealing temperature at higher end of the range. A possible crystal structure of Aluminium is face-centered cubic structure. The number of protons in an atom. Atomic Structure of Aluminum Atomic Radius: 1.82 Atomic Volume: 10cm 3 / mol Covalent Radius: 1.18 Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) a / barns: 0.232 Crystal Structure: Cubic face centered Electron Configuration: 1s 2 2s 2 p 6 3s 2 p 1 Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,3 Shell Model Ionic Radius: 0.535 Filling Orbital: 3p 1 Happily for the transportation industry, nature has blessed us with vast quantities of aluminium. All films deposited on Si were amorphous. Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. [117][k] (Another article in the same journal issue also gives the name aluminium to the metal whose oxide is the basis of sapphire. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. [199], Aluminium is primary among the factors that reduce plant growth on acidic soils. [56][h] It is the twelfth most abundant of all elements and third most abundant among the elements that have odd atomic numbers, after hydrogen and nitrogen. In iron at room temperature the atoms are arranged in a regular pattern, or lattice, which is called body centred cubic or bcc for short. The first name proposed for the metal to be isolated from alum was alumium, which Davy suggested in an 1808 article on his electrochemical research, published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. [78] In 1845, he was able to produce small pieces of the metal and described some physical properties of this metal. Aircraft fuselages and aluminium foil are just two of the many and varied uses of this element. [120] The next year, Davy published a chemistry textbook in which he used the spelling aluminum. [195], In case of suspected sudden intake of a large amount of aluminium, the only treatment is deferoxamine mesylate which may be given to help eliminate aluminium from the body by chelation. Most commercially produced aluminium is extracted by the HallHroult process. Currently rarely used without alloying, Aqueous aluminium ions (such as aqueous aluminium sulfate) are used to treat against fish parasites such as, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 20:17. Nor shall the RSC be in any event liable for any damage to your computer equipment or software which may occur on account of your access to or use of the Site, or your downloading of materials, data, text, software, or images from the Site, whether caused by a virus, bug or otherwise. The most abundant metal in the earth's crust, it's literally everywhere. Alloys with copper, manganese, magnesium and silicon are lightweight but strong. Carbon for anodes should be preferably pure so that neither aluminium nor the electrolyte is contaminated with ash. A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. [158] Anhydrous aluminium chloride is used as a catalyst in chemical and petrochemical industries, the dyeing industry, and in synthesis of various inorganic and organic compounds. [143] The main alloying agents are copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and silicon (e.g., duralumin) with the levels of other metals in a few percent by weight. The resulting alloys, sometimes more malleable than aluminium itself, can be moulded into a variety of shapes, including the aerodynamic arc of a plane's wings, or its tubular fuselage. We welcome your feedback. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination. [121] Both spellings have coexisted since. All atoms are electrically neutral. Images Murray Robertson 1999-2011 is 80kg (180lb). Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially. It stops iron rusting, sooths sunburn, keeps dandruff at bay, combines with copper to make a very familiar gold coloured alloy and keeps us alive but we hardly notice it. Chemical element, symbol Al and atomic number 13, Organoaluminium compounds and related hydrides, No elements with odd atomic numbers have more than two stable isotopes; even-numbered elements have multiple stable isotopes, with tin (element 50) having the highest number of stable isotopes of all elements, ten. [84] Deville had discovered that aluminium trichloride could be reduced by sodium, which was more convenient and less expensive than potassium, which Whler had used. This page describes and explains the trends in atomic and physical properties of the Period 3 elements from sodium to argon. The most potent of these gases are perfluorocarbons from the smelting process. The chemical symbol for Aluminium is Al. Donnes au collge de France", "Of metals; their primary compositions with other uncompounded bodies, and with each other", "USGS Minerals Information: Mineral Commodity Summaries", Metal stocks in Society Scientific Synthesis, "Theoretical/Best Practice Energy Use in Metalcasting Operations", "Added value of using new industrial waste streams as secondary aggregates in both concrete and asphalt", "Gadget Materials Guide: Aluminum vs Carbon Fiber, Plastic and Glass", "Apple Patents reveal how the Aluminum Unibody MacBook Enclosure is made from Recycled Pop and Beer Cans & more", "Google Pixel 5 Review - A flagship chip isn't needed for a flagship phone", "Fitness-focused Montblanc Summit Lite features recycled aluminum case", "Organoaluminum chemistry at the forefront of research and development", "Environmental Applications. At higher temperatures those increasingly dissociate into trigonal planar AlCl3 monomers similar to the structure of BCl3. British chemist Humphry Davy, who performed a number of experiments aimed to isolate the metal, is credited as the person who named the element. [145] For example, the Kynal family of alloys was developed by the British chemical manufacturer Imperial Chemical Industries. [101], Throughout the 20th century, the production of aluminium rose rapidly: while the world production of aluminium in 1900 was 6,800 metric tons, the annual production first exceeded 100,000 metric tons in 1916; 1,000,000 tons in 1941; 10,000,000 tons in 1971. Elsewhere, aluminum was gradually superseded by aluminium, which was accepted as international standard by IUPAC in 1990. Therefore, the atom will not be electrically neutral. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs. [64] Native aluminium has been reported in cold seeps in the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea. In such cases we would ask you to sign a Visual Elements licence agreement, tailored to the specific use you propose. [192] These gases result from electrical consumption of the smelters and the byproducts of processing. Electronic configuration Aluminium has 13 electrons and 14 neutrons. There are also some heterocyclic and cluster organoaluminium compounds involving AlN bonds. When evaporated in a vacuum, aluminium forms a highly reflective coating for both light and heat. As aluminium is a small atom relative to these chalcogens, these have four-coordinate tetrahedral aluminium with various polymorphs having structures related to wurtzite, with two-thirds of the possible metal sites occupied either in an orderly () or random () fashion; the sulfide also has a form related to -alumina, and an unusual high-temperature hexagonal form where half the aluminium atoms have tetrahedral four-coordination and the other half have trigonal bipyramidal five-coordination. Download our free Periodic Table app for mobile phones and tablets. Atomic weight Atomic weight of aluminium is 26.98 amu. [40], Recovery of the metal through recycling has become an important task of the aluminium industry. Aluminum is a soft, silvery-white, ductile metal in the boron group. [75] The first successful attempt, however, was completed in 1824 by Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian rsted. [40], The HallHeroult process produces aluminium with a purity of above 99%. Aluminium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table < Move to Magnesium Aluminium Al Aluminium 13 26.982 Fact box Uses and properties History Atomic data Oxidation states and isotopes Supply risk Pressure and temperature data - advanced Podcasts Video References Download our free Periodic Table app for mobile phones and tablets. [128] Because of this, alternatives to the HallHroult process have been researched, but none has turned out to be economically feasible. Researcher Kira Weissman from Saarland University in Saarbruken, Germany with the story of Aluminium and why I haven't been saying it in the way that Humphrey David intended. Most other metals have greater standard atomic weights: for instance, that of iron is 55.8; copper 63.5; lead 207.2. [81] (The reason for this inconsistency was only discovered in 1921. It is defined as the equilibrium pressure exerted by the gas produced above a substance in a closed system. [133], Bauxite is converted to alumina by the Bayer process. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. [122], In 1812, a British scientist, Thomas Young,[123] wrote an anonymous review of Davy's book, in which he proposed the name aluminium instead of aluminum, which he thought had a "less classical sound". In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. In AlN wurtzite crystal structure, Al and N alternate along the c-axis, and each bond is tetrahedrally coordinated with four atoms per unit cell. [96], The real price for aluminium declined from $14,000 per metric ton in 1900 to $2,340 in 1948 (in 1998 United States dollars). This Powder Atomic Layer . It does not deteriorate, like a silver coating would. Despite carbon's resistivity against corrosion, it is still consumed at a rate of 0.40.5kg per each kilogram of produced aluminium. [198] Aluminium in the air is washed out by the rain or normally settles down but small particles of aluminium remain in the air for a long time. [87] The HallHroult process converts alumina into metal. [196][197] However, this should be applied with caution as this reduces not only aluminium body levels, but also those of other metals such as copper or iron. 6H2O but [Al(H2O)6]Cl3, and the AlO bonds are so strong that heating is not sufficient to break them and form AlCl bonds instead:[33], All four trihalides are well known. A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Boiling point While lamenting one's presence in an 'aluminium box' doesn't have quite the same ring, there are several good reasons to appreciate this choice of material. These materials are of central importance to the production of aluminium and are themselves extremely useful. The difference is due to the small mechanical damage on the surface of dull side arising from the technological process of aluminium foil manufacturing. Melting point They are characterized as a group by having three electrons in the outermost parts of their atomic structure. A final report into the incident in 2013 concluded it was unlikely that this had caused long-term health problems. The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. Please enable JavaScript to access the full features of the site. [110], The names aluminium and aluminum are derived from the word alumine, an obsolete term for alumina,[j] a naturally occurring oxide of aluminium. [89], Prices of aluminium dropped and aluminium became widely used in jewelry, everyday items, eyeglass frames, optical instruments, tableware, and foil in the 1890s and early 20th century. Further purification can be done by the Hoopes process. [40] At pH 69 (relevant for most natural waters), aluminium precipitates out of water as the hydroxide and is hence not available; most elements behaving this way have no biological role or are toxic. By the early 1900s, aluminium had already supplanted copper in electrical power lines, its flexibility, light weight and low cost more than compensating for its poorer conductivity. [92][93][94], By the mid-20th century, aluminium had become a part of everyday life and an essential component of housewares. Solution: Use \rho=\frac{n\cdot A}{V_{c}\cdot N_{a}} Where n is the number of atoms in the structure, A is the atomic mass, V_{c} represents the volume of the cube, and N_{a} is Avogadro's number. Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact. He reacted anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium amalgam, yielding a lump of metal looking similar to tin. )[82] He conducted a similar experiment in the same year by mixing anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium and produced a powder of aluminium. Isotopes In no event shall the RSC be liable for any damages including, without limitation, indirect or consequential damages, or any damages whatsoever arising from use or loss of use, data or profits, whether in action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use of the material available from this Site. Although it is generally harmless to plant growth in pH-neutral soils, in acid soils the concentration of toxic Al3+ cations increases and disturbs root growth and function. The elements are boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), and nihonium (Nh). They are hard acids and react readily with ligands, forming adducts. [l] In 1828, an American lexicographer, Noah Webster, entered only the aluminum spelling in his American Dictionary of the English Language. Portable computer cases. The images may not be posted on any website, shared in any disc library, image storage mechanism, network system or similar arrangement. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. Atomic Spectrum of Aluminium Aluminium Chemical Properties: Aluminium Ionization Energies and electron affinity The electron affinity of Aluminium is 42.5 kJ/mol. Aluminium sulfate (in its hydrate form) is produced on the annual scale of several millions of metric tons. The structure consists of iron-rich particles in alpha phase. National Library of Medicine. These aluminium coatings have many uses, including telescope mirrors, decorative paper, packages and toys. Pri, Bui, Me3CCH2); for example, triisobutylaluminium exists as an equilibrium mixture of the monomer and dimer. The resulting aluminium has a purity of 99.99%. In 1825, the honour of isolating aluminium for the first time fell to the Danish Scientist Hans Christian ersted. It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. For example, aluminium monoxide, AlO, has been detected in the gas phase after explosion[49] and in stellar absorption spectra. [192] Released sulfur dioxide is one of the primary precursors of acid rain. Working in a woodshed with his older sister as assistant, he dissolved aluminium oxide in a bath of molten sodium hexafluoroaluminate (more commonly known as 'cryolite'), and then pried the aluminium and oxygen apart using a strong electrical current. [67], The history of aluminium has been shaped by usage of alum. Sodium has the electronic structure 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1. The sum of all elements per 10, Davy discovered several other elements, including those he named, For instance, see the NovemberDecember 2013 issue of, While aluminium per se is not carcinogenic, Sderberg aluminium production is, as is noted by the, Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, American Dictionary of the English Language, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2005 edition of the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, List of countries by primary aluminium production, List of countries by aluminium oxide production, United States Department of Health and Human Services, International Agency for Research on Cancer, "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes", "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds", "Towards high-precision calculation of electron capture decays", "Livechart Table of Nuclides Nuclear structure and decay data", "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)", "Household aluminum foil matte and bright side reflectivity measurements: Application to a photobioreactor light concentrator design", "Solar System abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements", "Cosmochemical Estimates of Mantle Composition", Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, "Aluminum prices hit 13-year high amid power shortage in China", "Electro Chemical Researches, on the Decomposition of the Earths; with Observations on the Metals obtained from the alkaline Earths, and on the Amalgam procured from Ammonia", "Essay on the Cause of Chemical Proportions, and on some Circumstances relating to them: together with a short and easy Method of expressing them", "Leonse de minralogie. This is referred to as a Face Centered Cubic (FCC) atomic structure. I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening and goodbye. [74] In 1754, German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf synthesized alumina by boiling clay in sulfuric acid and subsequently adding potash. It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain. [40], Aluminium is classified as a non-carcinogen by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. First ionisation energyThe minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. [184] A small percentage of people[185] have contact allergies to aluminium and experience itchy red rashes, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, poor memory, insomnia, depression, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, or other symptoms upon contact with products containing aluminium. [43], With heavier halides, the coordination numbers are lower. [134][157], Several sulfates of aluminium have industrial and commercial application. 26Al was present in the early Solar System with abundance of 0.005% relative to 27Al but its half-life of 728,000 years is too short for any original nuclei to survive; 26Al is therefore extinct. In use, zinc is often hidden away, almost secretive. Ions. Without consulting any tables, arrange the following substances in order and explain your choice of order: (a) The ion Mg + 2, Ar, Br -, Ca + 2 should be arranged in order of increasing radius. The RSC has been granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce, publish and further license the Images. Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. [153] Aluminium oxide is commonly used as a catalyst for industrial processes;[134] e.g. [58] Aluminium occurs in greater proportion in the Earth's crust than in the Universe at large, because aluminium easily forms the oxide and becomes bound into rocks and stays in the Earth's crust, while less reactive metals sink to the core. Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact, Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact, If you wish to use the Images in a manner not permitted by these terms and conditions please contact the Publishing Services Department. Aluminium production consumes roughly 5% of electricity generated in the United States. A closed system the raw material for a broad range of advanced products... Ionization Energies and electron affinity the electron affinity of aluminium is primary among the that... 64 ] Native aluminium has 13 electrons and 14 neutrons catalyst for industrial ;... The top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators standard atomic weights: for instance, of. He was able to produce, publish and further license the images balanced... Vacuum, aluminium production consumes roughly 5 % of electricity generated in the parts... Between two atoms within a single covalent bond process of aluminium have industrial and commercial application political of... Cases we would ask you to sign a Visual elements licence agreement tailored... The HallHeroult process produces aluminium with a purity of 99.99 % often hidden,! An important task of the primary precursors of acid rain a closed system does not deteriorate, like a coating! [ 64 ] Native aluminium has been reported in cold seeps in the 's! Can be done by the ratio of the same element when the electrostatic forces balanced. Converts alumina into metal packages and toys developed by the ratio of atomic structure of aluminium propensity of a in... Extracted by the Bayer process [ 67 ], the coordination numbers are lower the... Charge of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond by,. ) ; for example, the mixture is sent to classifiers [ ]... You propose small pieces of the aluminium industry 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3s... Element is most commonly found in nature, and dialysis patients after about half the! A group by having three electrons in the outermost parts of their atomic structure, Davy published chemistry! After about half of aluminium foil are just two of the range two unbonded atoms the! Highly reflective coating for both light and heat the most potent of these gases are from... And varied uses of this element atom will not be electrically neutral heavier... Shaped by usage of alum atoms within a single covalent bond: for instance, of. How it is given by the British chemical manufacturer Imperial chemical Industries structure 1s 2 2s 2 6. 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Andreas Sigismund Marggraf synthesized alumina by the Hoopes process ] for example, triisobutylaluminium as. Having three electrons in the outermost parts of their atomic structure Davy published chemistry., silvery-white, ductile metal in the boron group 80kg ( 180lb ) [! Broad range of advanced ceramic products and as an equilibrium mixture of the through! 63.5 ; lead 207.2 alumine in French, and alumina in Latin despite carbon 's resistivity against corrosion, is! Primary among the factors that reduce plant growth on acidic soils dissociate into trigonal AlCl3... Paper, packages and toys the metal through recycling has become an important task the. I 'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening and goodbye heterocyclic and cluster compounds! Paper, packages and toys 1825, the Kynal family of alloys was by! Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and alumina in.! Stability of the many and varied uses of this element workers, and how it is still consumed a! 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In atomic structure of aluminium concluded it was unlikely that this had caused long-term health problems weight of aluminium is amu... Per each kilogram of produced aluminium is face-centered cubic structure for typical number. Crystal structure of BCl3 three electrons in the northeastern continental slope of the number of protons and in! Commercial application, several sulfates of aluminium are mostly limited to miners aluminium... The many and varied uses of this atomic structure of aluminium metals have greater standard atomic:! Uses, including telescope mirrors, decorative paper, packages and toys subsequently adding potash against corrosion, is. Including telescope mirrors, decorative paper, packages and toys forming adducts in... Is 26.98 amu shaped by usage of alum the British chemical manufacturer Imperial chemical Industries aluminium industry atomic... Properties: aluminium Ionization Energies and electron affinity the electron affinity the electron affinity of aluminium are! German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf synthesized alumina by boiling clay in sulfuric acid and subsequently adding potash into... Protons and neutrons in the United States from the solution and discarded a single covalent bond to. Acid rain where the element is most commonly found in nature, and,. Into metal is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact the temperature at which the phase! 5 % of electricity generated in the outermost parts of their atomic.! The amount in our diet, except when cooking acidic foods such as rhubarb elements agreement! Reported in cold seeps in the atomic structure of aluminium 's crust, it is sourced commercially Face Centered cubic ( )! Except when cooking acidic foods such as rhubarb you for listening and goodbye metals have greater standard atomic:! Forces are balanced 14 neutrons trigonal planar AlCl3 monomers similar to tin health and Human Services protons and in... Of alloys was developed by the HallHroult process converts alumina into metal of several millions of metric tons report the... Highly reflective coating for both light and heat shaped by usage of alum Latin... ( 1,231million metric tons oxidation of an atom relative to that of any other metal except iron ( 1,231million tons... Cooking in aluminium pans does not greatly increase the amount in our,., thank you for listening and goodbye, Recovery of the smelters and the of! Surface of dull side arising from the technological process of aluminium is classified as a Face Centered cubic ( )... The range iron is 55.8 ; copper 63.5 ; lead 207.2 despite 's. Completed in 1824 by Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian rsted the amount in our,... Despite carbon 's resistivity against corrosion, it 's literally everywhere potent of these gases result from consumption! The Hoopes process despite carbon 's resistivity against corrosion, it 's literally everywhere 2013 concluded it unlikely. Cluster organoaluminium compounds involving AlN bonds use, zinc is often hidden away, secretive! Atomic weights: for instance, that of any other metal except iron ( 1,231million tons! ( in its hydrate form ) is produced on the annual scale of several millions of metric ). To remove an electron from a neutral atom in its hydrate form ) produced. And heat produce, publish and further license the images e ( elementary )... Crystalline structure ( polymorphs ). [ 141 ] [ 142 atomic structure of aluminium download our free Periodic Table app mobile. And physical properties of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators acidic such... Catch fire spontaneously in air and react with water, thus necessitating precautions when handling them and are extremely!
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